Indonesian Culture Essay Example for Free

Indonesian Culture EssayIndonesia has about 300 ethnic groups, each with cultural identities developed over centuries, and influenced by Indian, Arabic, Chinese, and European sources. Traditional Javanese and Balinese dances, for example, contain aspects of Hindu culture and mythology, as do wayang kulit(shadow puppet) performances. Textiles such as batik, ikat, ulos and songket be created across Indonesia in styles that vary by region. The or so dominant influences on Indonesian architecture have traditionally been Indian however, Chinese, Arab, and European architectural influences have been significant. Sports in Indonesia are generally male-orientated and spectator sports are often associated with illegal gambling. The most popular sports are badminton and football.Indonesian players have won the Thomas Cup (the world team championship of mens badminton) thirteen of the xxvi times that it has been held since 1949, as well as numerous Olympic medals since the sport gained full Olympic status in 1992. Its women have won the Uber Cup, the female uniform of the Thomas Cup, twice, in 1994 and 1996. Liga Indonesia is the countrys premier football club league. Traditional sports include sepak takraw, and bull racing in Madura. In areas with a history of tribal warfare, scoff fighting contests are held, such as, caci in Flores, and pasola in Sumba. Pencak Silat is an Indonesian martial art. Indonesian cuisine varies by region and is based on Chinese, European, Middle Eastern, and Indian precedents.Rice is the main staple food and is served with side dishes of meat and vegetables. Spices (notably chili), coconut milk, fish and chicken are fundamental ingredients. Indonesian traditional music includes gamelan and keroncong. The Indonesian film industrys popularity peaked in the 1980s and dominated cinemas in Indonesia, although it declined significantly in the early 1990s. Between 2000 and 2005, the number of Indonesian films released each year has steady i ncreased. The oldest evidence of writing in Indonesia is a series of Sanskrit inscriptions dated to the 5th century.Important figures in modern Indonesian literature include Dutch germ Multatuli, who criticized treatment of the Indonesians under Dutch colonial rule Sumatrans Muhammad Yamin and Hamka, who were influential pre-independence nationalist writers and politicians and proletarian writer Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Indonesias most famous novelist. Many of Indonesias peoples have strongly root oral traditions, which help to define and preserve their cultural identities.Media freedom in Indonesia increased considerably after the end of President Suhartos rule, during which the now-defunct Ministry of Information monitored and controlled domestic media, and confine foreign media. The TV market includes ten national commercial networks, and provincial networks that compete with public TVRI. Private radio stations carry their own word bulletins and foreign broadcasters supply progr ams. At a reported 25 million users in 2008, Internet usage was estimated at 12.5% in September 2009. More than 30 million cell phones are sold in Indonesia each year, and 27 percent of them are local brands.

A research paper on cocaine Essay Example for Free

A research paper on cocain set aboutGrown in the countries of South America, with Columbia being the most productive, the Erythroxylon Coca bush is the natural origin of cocain, a central nervous stimulant. Its taradiddle is as rich and diverse as the people using and dealing the dose.Cocaine wont dates as far back as the 16th vitamin C when it was used among Inca royalty. In the early 1800s cocaine was introduced to Europe. Sigmond Freud wrote a song in its honor and famous author Robert Louis Stevenson wrote The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde during a six -day cocaine binge. In the early 1900s cocaine was available to consumers over the counter. Its medicinal value was a relief for toothaches and congestion. Parke Davis advised their consumers of the effects of cocaine by stating that it could make the coward brave, the dense eloquent, and render the sufferer insensitive to pain.The use of cocaine found its management into other products equivalent wine and the most famous of all, Coca Cola. Early fruit of Coca Cola contained 60mg of cocaine. Today, the popular soft drink still uses the leaves of the Coco Bush for flavor moreover the extracurricular drug has been removed (www.cocaine.org).The resurrection of cocaine use as a recreational drug began in the 1960s, and was used mostly among the affluent because of its price. Movie stars, sport stars and the like give cocaine its mystique and draw mental and physical effects make it addictive. Changes in form and price make cocaine far more accessible and affordable. Today, there is no clear alliance between the use of cocaine and education, occupation or socioeconomic status.Cocaine is generally sold as a hydrochloride salt, a fine white powder substance that is commonly referred to as snow, coke or blow. Street dealers of cocaine commonly dilute, or cut the drug with similar looking substances like talc powder or with active local anesthetics and even some cartridge holders with o ther stimulants like amphetamines. The purity of street cocaine, powder form, is about 75 percent. When the impurities of this form be removed, it is known as freebase or crack cocaine. Crack cocaineis easier to find and less expensive to buy. Cocaine in any form eject be found in almost every town and city. Research studies d wizard in 1999 showed cocaine is used by over 3.7 million Americans 12 old age old and over, with the highest rate among people 18 and 25 years of age. The use among people 35 years and older also continues to rise (www.cocaine.org).The effects of cocaine depend on the route of administration, the amount of consumption, the users past experience, and the circumstances under which its taken. The major routes of administration argon snorting, injecting, and smoking. Snorting is inhaling the powder form through the hard up cavity. The drug enters the bloodstream through the nasal tissues. Injecting cocaine is using a syringe to release the drug directly into the bloodstream. Smoking cocaine is inhaling the cocaine vapors or smoke delivering large quantities to the lungs where it then enters the bloodstream as quickly as injecting. Cocaine interferes with the re-absorption process of dopamine that is a chemical messenger of pleasure to the brain. The effects argon instant and intense but not long lasting (www.drugs.indiana.edu).The short -term effects usually make the user fell euphoric, energetic, and sleepless to their senses. It can decrease your anxiety and heighten your sexuality. Crack users have described the rush as a whole body orgasm. Or, a user can feel anxious or panic-stricken. The drug is a parody of heaven and hell. Often times the cocaine user craves other drugs. These symptoms appear quickly and fell within a few minutes or a few hours. Physically, a persons blood pressure, body temperature, heartbeat, and breathing accelerate, along with pupil dialation. In bigger amounts the side effects intensify. The high might i nclude whimsys of paranoia, vertigo, and muscle twitches and physically a user might experience chest pains, nausea, blurred vision.Over time with continued use, the effects of cocaine gradually change. Irritability, restlessness, insomnia and paranoia replace the euphoria. Physically, the long- term user will lose interest in sex and lose weight. Those who snort the drug wear out their nasal septum while those who inject it risk the chance of contracting hepatitis or AIDS. Cocaine related deathsare often a final result of cardiac arrest or seizures followed by respiratory arrest. Over time, to the users tolerance, the drug will build. To achieve the same effects as that of early usage requires bigger doses of the drug. The user becomes psychologically dependent. The drug becomes pivotal to their thoughts, feelings and their daily activities.Cocaine just made you feel really good. Then after you get done feeling really good then you start to get a Superman ego and thats the beginn ing of the end. (Drug Wars A Frontline, PBS Production) Often times, cocaine addicts develop an illicit lifestyle to keep up with their drug habit. Cocaines influence leads a user to stealing from family, friends and even employers. The lifestyle of addicts becomes as corrupt as the organizations that produce and emerge the product.Cocaines addiction has two sides the love of the high and the love of the money. The US Government has estimated that cocaine trafficking takes nearly $80 billion a year out of our economy. In 1990, the DEA (Drug Enforcement Agency) estimated about 20 Colombian organizations controlled most of Americas cocaine supply. Annual revenues of the Colombian drug trade have been estimated to be 5 billion dollars. The drug cartels animated today control every phase of the drug trafficking business. They manufacture, transport, distribute, and finance cocaine. Like many large corporations, the business involves bankers, accountants, and lawyers, wholesalers and r etailers. More special to this business the cartel payroll also includes chemists, pilots and enforcers of security (www.drugs.indiana.edu).The cartels are structured in layers, at the center is the cartel manager or kingpin. Information shared among the members of the cartel is highly secularized. but a choice few are privy to all the workings of the cartel. Those employees holding positions in the outer layers of the organization (the lawyers, accountants, bankers, and enforcers) reap the financial benefits of serving their bosses but are strictly put on a need to know basis. Cartels operating in the joined States are referred to as cells which are self contained nonionized units.The Medillin Cartel was the first known, successful cartel of cocainetraffickers coming from Colombia. It was established in 1978 and lead by Carlos Lehder. It used violence and intimidation to stay one step ahead of the justice system. The cartel bribed police officers with money or threatened them wit h death if they did not honor the cartel and look the other way when they did business. The Medellin Cartel was taken down in March of 1984. Carlos Lehder was arrested in 1987, tried in the United States and sentenced to 135 years without the possibility of parole. George Jungs, the Medillin Cartels American contact, testimony against Lehder conscious his conviction. In the 1990s, on the heels of the Medillin, came the Cali Cartel. They are responsible for 70-80 percent of the cocaine coming into the United States and 90 percent of that entering Europe.Instead of violence and intimidation like their counter parts, the Cali operated their business using a subtle approach. Law enforcement has had difficulty in closing the Cali operations for many reasons. Their structure is different from that of the Medillin, as is their methods of smuggling. They are much more conservative. They only sell to people they know. The home office, which is the CEO and vice presidents, coordinate the cell s. The cells contact the buyers usually by cellular phone or pager and arrange the time and place to distribute the drugs. Payment is made at the second meeting. When the deal is done, the home office is contacted and accurate records are unbroken by both (www.awesomestories.com).While the Colombians may monopolize the cocaine market, there are similar organizations in other countries. The Triads and Tongs of China, La Compania of Cuba, and the Yakuza of Japan are some other major drug trafficking organizations. They have successfully invested into legitimate American business. The one thing they all have in common United States of America as a client base (www.cocainefacts.com).Cocaine touches many people on a variety of levels. It can completely change a persons personality, for the worse. It spins a web of deceit and destruction. Physically and mentally the drug tricks you from recognizing reality. Euphoria tricks you into believing that the high is good, all the while the time bomb is ticking. Blowing up your judgment is just a matter of time.Works CitedBailey, William J. Factline on Cocaine. 1995Heller, Matthew. Addicted to Love. Los Angeles Magazine. Sept. 1999.No Author Given.No Author Given.

Attitude and behavior towards internet shopping

Attitude and air towards internet obtainStudies on factors determining consumer attitude and behavior towards lucre obtainMost of the studies conducted in the recent days in field of online obtain behavior and attitude keep back been focusing on the factors influencing the online obtain attitudes and behavior. But, different lookers harbor diverse opinions and focus, while get a lineing the stupor of these factors on the online consumer buying behavior and attitudes. For example, there is a segment of researchers who keep up tried to explain the consumer attitude and intentions for online shop by taking theories want possibleness of Reasoned Action, Technology acceptance baffle or Theory of Planned Behaviour as a basis and cast off tried to extend them get on by adding more than web specific factors to them(Cheung, Zhu, Kwong, Gloria, and Limayem, 2003), whereas there has been anformer(a) segment who have derived relationships among various factors and customer mirth with reference to the Internet shop catch in the form of dependent and mugwump variables. Further, there have been researchers who have further organized and compiled the previous researches done in this field so as to pave way for future researches. These researchers have too contributed in terms of designing structured posers for online consumer attitude, intention and buying behavior.Web experienceThe belles-lettres check up on done by Constantinides (2004) helps in identifying the web experience components and their role as the first off step in shaping the online consumers behavior. He has added web experience as a controllable element in his model depicting factors that influence the online buying behavior. He has further explained web experience factor by classifying it in three sub-categories which are the building blocks of the web experience. These three sub-categories are Functionality factors (usability and Interactivity), Psychological factors ( self-relian ce) and Content factors (aesthetics and Marketing Mix). The following figure as adopted from his condition presents a brief description of the number of references in support of each of these factorsSource Constantinides, E.(2004). Influencing the online consumers behavior the web experience. ledger of Internet Research. Vol 14 No.2, pp. 114, figure 2. literature reviewLi and Zhang (2002, p.508) have specify online buying behavior or Internet shop/buying behavior as the process of purchasing products or operate via the Internet which according to Liang and Lai (2000), is similar to the traditional five steps process of consumer buying behavior (as cited by Li and Zhang, 2002). They have overly defined online shopping attitude as the psychological state of the consumers in terms of Internet shopping (2002). Li and Zhang (2002) have analysed 35 empirical studies on online shopping attitudes and behavior conducted during the period of January 1998 to February 2002 and have finally identified 10 inter-related factors for which the reviewed studies have significant empirical evidences. These 10 factors have further been classified into five independent factors (viz. external environment, demographics, personal characteristics, vendor/service/product characteristics, and website quality) and five dependent factors (viz. attitude towards online shopping, intention to shop online, decision making, online purchasing, and consumer satisfaction.)Another exhaustive literature review in this field has been by Cheung et al. (2003). They have interpretd a total of 351 articles in the area of online consumer behavior from 1994 to April 2002. They have attempted to nexus together the concepts of intention, adoption and law of continuation and form a base model- a Model of Intention, Adoption and Continuance (MIAC) for the development of an online consumer behavior framework. Further, the various factors as mentioned by various researchers in their correction have been categorized under five major domain areas viz. individual/consumer characteristics, product/service characteristics, medium characteristics, and online merchant and intermediary characteristics. According to them, online corrupt intention and adoption has been extensively studied and there are lots of empirical evidences gettable, but research on continuance or consumer online re gr relieve ones palms is in its infancy. The following figure describes the MIAC model as educeed by Cheung et al.Framework of online consumer behaviorSource Cheung, C.M.K., Zhu, L., Kwong, T., Chan, G.W.W. Limayem, M.(2003). Online Consumer Behavior A Review and Agenda for Future Research. transactions of the sixteenth Bled eCommerce Conference, eTransformation. 194-218A recent study conducted by Kuczmarski and James (April 2008) further contribute to the available body of literature by adding that consumers prefer online stores to actual stores due to final resultiveness reasons resembling doohi ckey, cost and selection.Trust as a factorStudies also indicate that cuss remains a crucial factor in e-commerce and in influencing the leveraging decision of online shoppers. Consumers prefer to shop from trusted websites. Researches reveal that trust is a factor which also helps in forming long-term customer relationships (Dwyer, Schurr Oh, 1987 Gefen Straub, 2003 Kim, Xu Koh, 2004). Some researchers like lee(prenominal) (2002), Liebermann and Stashevsky (2002), McKnight et al.(2002), Suh and Han(2002) and Liang and Lai(2002) have even argued that a new step has been added to the online buying process and that is the step of building trust or confidence (as cited by Constantinides, 2004). The available literature explains that trust facilitates e-commerce and online transactions, but at the same time the consumers lack of trust in online vendors continues to remain a hindrance in the growth of e-commerce. (Ba Pavlou, 2002 Gefen and Straub, 2003 Gefen, Karahanna Straub, 200 3 Kim, Xu Koh, 2004 Lim, Sia, Lee Benbasat, 2006 Pavlou Gefen, 2004). Gefen(2002) and Kim, Xu Koh (2004) have stated that a key challenge to e-commerce is that creating trust typically requires multiple interactions and superior service over a period of time(as cited by Lowry et al., 2008). mail has also been established as one of the factors influencing the customer trust for a website (Bart, Shankar, Sultan Urban, 2005 Yoon, 2002). Ward and Lee(2000) conducted a research to examine whether consumers use brands as sources of instruction when shopping on Internet and they concluded that branding can facilitate consumers acceptance of e-commerce. Lowry, Vance, Moody, Beckman Read (2008) have studied the impact of branding alliances and web-site quality on the consumer trust of e-commerce websites. They explored the usage of branding alliances and website quality by the less familiar websites to enhance the consumer trust and suggested that branding and web-site quality can sig nificantly increase the initial consumer trust in the e-commerce websites.Ballantine(2005) has studied the effectuate of interactivity and the amount of product cultivation provided by an online shopping environment on consumer satisfaction. A web-based experiment was conducted where respondents were exposed to a simulated online retail store. Findings indicate that these deuce factors had a significant effect on the consumer satisfaction.Tangibility also remains an important factor in influencing the purchase process of Internet shoppers. Melian-Alzola and Padron-Robaina(2006) have analysed the role and importance of the tangible elements of purchase processes in business to consumer(B2C) e-commerce, and the impact on overall perceived quality and the customers attitudes. Their research concluded that that four attributes navigation, signposting, tools and description explain the tangible dimension in electronic commerce. They revealed that design was an important factor of ov erall perceived quality and the forgetingness to exhort the purchase experience to others.Security of transactions is another factor that remains as a matter of concern for e-commerce consumers. According to a study conducted by American Banker in 2007, one-third of Canadians refused to shop online due to fear of identity theft. Web assurance services help in building up the trust and confidence of such consumers.In an experimental study undertaken by Mauldin and Arunachalam (2002), the impact of web assurance services and retailer disclosures on purchase intent was studied. They have defined web assurance as the measures taken to reduce teaching risks and increase online purchasing by improving the reliability of certain information on the website. Their findings indicate that web assurance. In this research they considered TRUSTe, WebTrust and VISA web assurance services for the study. Their findings indicate that there were no significant differences in intent to purchase amon g the three assurance providers. Mauldin and Arunachalam have also studied the impact of product and retailer familiarity on the buying behavior of online consumers in the above mentioned study and they suggest that web assurance is insignificant when product familiarity is higher, or in other words, where product familiarity is lower, intent to purchase is higher with web assurance. Retailer familiarity is not set to be significant in any of the conditions. Further, their study also reveals that retailer disclosures are sufficient to impact buying intention of online consumers the web assurance services studied in the above study did not provide any additional assurance beyond the retailer disclosures. They have further emphasized that relaxation with the Internet, general intent to buy online, and website design played significant role in influencing purchase intention. Although security is a major concern of online buyers, their study indicates that information risk generally d id not significantly influence purchase intention, which explains why web assurance is generally not significant in their study.Bruce, Katherine and Murphy (2008) have further explored the prior studies on web assurance models to provide detailed explanation on current reporting requirements, differences among web assurance services and perceptions of consumers regarding these services. The study concludes that consumers give importance to web assurance services, but younger consumers place greater value on these services rather than older consumers.Technology acceptation Model as a basis for research onLiterature reviewIn an attempt to design a structured framework for the effects of different factors on consumer attitude towards Internet shopping and their intentions to shop online, Monsuwe, Dellaert and Ruyter (2004) have reviewed the various researches conducted in the field. They have used Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as a base and suggested a framework based on previous research on consumer adoption of new technologies and services. The Technology Acceptance Model (Davis, 1989) has served as a basis for various researches conducted in the Information systems field. In order to support the selection of TAM as a basis for their research work, Monsuwe et.al, 2004 have cited Chen et al.(2002), Moon and Kim(2001) and Lederar et al.(2000) who suggest that although this model is specifically designed to understand the adoption of a new computer based technology in the frolic/workplace, it has also proven to be suitable as theoretical foundation for adoption of e-commerce as well. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) suggests the usefulness, ease of use and the by and by addition of enjoyment (Davis et al., 1992) as the determinants of consumers attitude towards adopting a new technology. This attitude, further, has a strong and positive effect on consumers intentions to actually use the new technology or system (Bobbitt and Dabholkar, 2001 Davis, 199 3). While redefining the three constructs in context of online shopping Monsuwe et.al.(2004, p.107) have referred to usefulness as the consumers perceptions that using the Internet as a shopping medium enhances the outcome of their shopping experience. Similarly, they have redefined ease of use as the consumers perception that the process leading to online shopping will require minimum suit and will be easy. Further, according to them, the enjoyment construct refers to the fun and playfulness of the Internet shopping experience. While usefulness has a weak direct link to attitude, it shows a strong direct link towards intention to shop online (Davis et al., 1989). It is also linked with ease of use to determine consumers attitude towards online shopping. Hence, ease of use has a direct as well as indirect effect on consumers intention to shop online.Using TAM as a basis for the study, the framework proposed by Monsuwe, Dellaert and Ruyter(2004) not only includes the functional/util itarian and hedonic dimensions like ease of use, usefulness, and enjoyment which affect the consumers attitude and intention towards Internet shopping, but they have also included some of the exogenous factors recommended by various researchers in the framework such as consumer traits(Burke, 2002 Dhabolkar and Bagozzi, 2002 Brown et al., 2001 Eastin and LaRose, 2000), situational factors(Wolfinbarger and Gilly,2001 Avery, 1996), product characteristics(Grewal et al., 2002 Elliot and Fowell, 2000), previous online shopping experiences(Shim et al., 2001 Eastlick and Lotz, 1999) and trust in online shopping(Yoon, 2002 Lee and Turban, 2001)Monsuwe et.al. in their research, have mentioned about the various researches done in order to extend the TAM by suggesting additional factors. For example, Venkatesh (2000), who has proposed integrating factors like control, intrinsic motivation, and emotion into the existing Technology Acceptance Model which are considered to be strong determinants for ease of use construct of TAM. Dabholkar and Bagozzi (2002) have given an attitudinal model of technology based self-service by suggesting two exogenous factors like consumer traits and situational influences. Further, they have cited OCass and Fenech (2002) who have added seven key consumer characteristics namely opinion leadership, buying impulsiveness, satisfaction with websites, web shopping compatibility, shopping druthers course, Internet self-efficacy, and web-security to the model.Further, they have substantiated their model by citing the classification given by Hirschman and Holbrook (1982) who have categorised Internet shoppers in two categories one is of the problem solvers and other category is of those seeking for fun, fantasy, arousal, sensory stimulation, and enjoyment. Monsuwe et al. suggest that this classification also supports the basic three constructs of TAM which affect the consumers attitude towards Internet shopping as ease of use and usefulness reflect the utilitarian aspect and enjoyment is in sync with the hedonic aspect of the model.The above explanation given by Monsuwe et al. is similar to the categorization of the shopping orientations by Bellenger, Robertson and Greenberg(1977) as convenience versus recreational orientation (as cited by Kim, LaRose, 2004)Various researches have been conducted to identify the profound dimensions for the basic constructs of the TAM model. These latent dimensions can be further used to understand how these constructs get influenced by various exogenous factors. For example, Mathwick et al. (2001) have added two enkindle latent dimensions to the usefulness construct Consumer Return on Investment(CROI), and service excellence. Monsuwe, Dellaert and Ruyter (2004) have defined CROI as a perceived return on cognitive, behavioural or financial investment made by the consumer. Whereas, service excellence evaluates the delivered promises against the performance. If both these dimensions are satisfie d, then consumers will judge the Internet shopping performance positively (Mathwick et al., 2002) which adds to the perceived usefulness. Zeithamal et al. (2002) have stated that site characteristics such as search functions, download speed and navigation also acts as a determinant in shaping ease of use construct of the TAM model. But, Monsuwe et al. (2004, p.109) have a different opinion regarding this dimension. They have stated that these site characteristics merely influence the ease of use of a particular web site or online store, and not the Internet as a shopping medium in generalOnline obtain orientationsKim and LaRose (2004) have defined shopping orientation as a shoppers attitude toward shopping activity that may vary with the situation rather than an invariant constitution trait of the shopper. They have cited the categorization given by Bellenger, Robertson and Greenberg (1977) which classifies shoppers on the basis of their shopping orientation into convenience versu s recreation oriented. Kim and LaRose (2004) also posit that shoppers may own multiple orientations depending upon the expected outcome of a shopping experience and may demonstrate a regulated/utilitarian or an unregulated/recreational shopping orientation depending upon the environmental stimuli. Their study also shows that these two shopping orientations are not mutually exclusive and interactive web features may draw shoppers with convenience orientation into unregulated buying.Li, Kuo and Rusell(2006) have also studied the impact of shopping orientations on online consumer behavior alongwith other factors like demographics, ship knowledge and perceived highroad utilities. Primary data was collected by a research company using an online visual modality of 999 U.S. Internet users. They have classified Internet users as frequent, occasional(a) and non-buyers. Findings indicated that frequent web buyers have a higher degree of perceived line of credit utility for the answer of communication, distribution and accessibility. Similarly channel knowledge also has a positive effect on the Internet buying and it also has a reciprocal influence on the perceived channel utilities. Their study also indicates that frequent web buyers value convenience more than experience(touch and feel of the product) whereas those who are non-web buyers have a higher degree of experience orientation. Recreation and economy orientation are found to be similar for the three types of Internet buyers. The study of the demographic factors revealed that male are more frequent web buyers than women, better-educated consumers shop more frequently online and consumers with higher income are more likely to be in frequent web buyer category. Age was not significant as distant as frequency of web buying was concerned.Note Most of the researchers feel that the classical consumer behavioral theories used for can only act as a starting point for understanding the online consumer behavior. Ther e is no structured framework for explaining the online consumer behavior the studies are mostly fragmented. Researchers have suggested different factors and frameworks, but there is a lack of a cohesive theoretical base to the online consumer behavior.Ba, S.L., and Pavlou, P.A. Evidence of the effect of trust building technology in electronic markets expense premiums and buyer behavior. MIS Quarterly, 26, 3 (2002), 243-268.Gefen, D., and Straub, D.W. Consumer trust in B2C e-commerce and the importance of social presence experiments in e-products and e-services. Omega The International journal of Management Science, 32, 6 (2004), 407-424.Gefen, D. Karahanna, E. and Straub, D.W. Trust and TAM in online shopping An integrated model. MIS Quarterly, 27, 1 (2003), 51-90.Kim, H.-W. Xu, Y. and Koh, J. A comparison of online trust building factors between potential customers and repeat customers. Journal of the AIS, 5, 10 (2004), 392-420.Lim, K.H. Sia, C.L. Lee, M.K.O. and Benbasat, I. Do I trust you online, and if so, will I buy? An empirical study of two trust-building strategies. Journal of Management Information Systems, 23, 2 (Fall 2006), 233-266.Pavlou, P.A., and Fygenson, M. Understanding and predicting electronic commerce adoption An extension of the theory of planned behavior. MIS Quarterly, 30, 1 (2006), 115-143.Dwyer, F.R. Schurr, P.H. and Oh, S. Developing buyer-seller relationships. Journal of Marketing, 51, 2 (1987), 11-27.Everard, A.P., and Galletta, D.F. How presentation flaws affect perceived site quality, trust, and intention to purchase from an online store. Journal of Management Information Systems, 22, 3 (Winter 2005-6), 56-95Kuczmarski, James (2008, Apr). JOURNAL-IST Freedom of Choice. Fast Company, Issue 124, 43-43, 1/2pRunyan, B., Smith, K.T., Smith, L. M.(2008, Mar). Implications of Web assurance services on e-commerce. Accounting Forum (Elsevier), Vol. 32 Issue 1, 46-61Gefen, D. Customer faithfulness in e-commerce. Journal of the AIS, 3, 1 ( 2002), 27-51.Bart, Y. Shankar, V. Sultan, F. and Urban, G.L. Are the drivers and role of online trust the same for all Web sites and consumers? A large-scale exploratory empirical study. Journal of Marketing, 69, 4 (2005), 133-152.Yoon, S.-J. The antecedents and consequences of trust in online-purchase decisions. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 16, 2 (2002), 47-63.Lowry, P.B., Vance, A., Moody, G., Beckman, B. Read, A. (2008). Explaining and Predicting the Impact of Branding Alliances and Web Site Quality on Initial Consumer Trust of E-Commerce Web Sites. Journal of Management Information Systems / Spring 2008, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 199-224.American Banker(2007, 17 Dec), Vol. 172 Issue 241, p17-17, 1/9pMonsuwe, T.P., Dellaert, B.G.C. Ruyter, K.D.(2004). What drives consumers to shop online? A literature review. International Journal of Service labor Management.Vol.15 No.1, pp.102-121Ward,M.R. Lee, M. J.(2000). Internet shopping, consumer search and product branding. Journal of P roduct and Brand Management, Vol.9 No.1, pp.6-20Ballantine, P.W.(2005). Effects of interactivity and product information on consumer satisfaction in an online retail setting. International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, Vol.33 No.1, pp.461-471Melin-Alzola, L. Padrn-Robaina, V. (2006). Tangibility as a quality factor in electronic commerce B2C. Managing Service Quality. Vol.16 No.3,pp.320-338Li,N. Zhang, P.(2002). Consumer Online shopping attitudes and behaviour An assessment of research. Proceedings of the Eighth Americas Conference on Information Systems. 508-517Constantinides, E.(2004). Influencing the online consumers behavior the web experience. Internet Research. Vol 14 No.2, pp. 111-126Cheung, C.M.K., Zhu, L., Kwong, T., Chan, G.W.W. Limayem, M.(2003). Online Consumer Behavior A Review and Agenda for Future Research. Proceedings of the sixteenth Bled eCommerce Conference, eTransformation. 194-218Li, H., Kuo, C. Rusell, M.G.(2006, Jun). The Impact of Perceived Channel Utilities, Shopping Orientations, and Demographics on the Consumers Online Buying Behaviour. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 5(2). Retrieved July, 1, 2009, from http//www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/120837782/HTMLSTARTMauldin, E. Arunachalam, V. (2002). An Experimental Examination of Alternative Forms of Web Assurance for product line-to-Consumer e-Commerce. Journal of Information Systems. 16. 33-54 reckonCustomers in an Internet shopping environment actually play dual roles. One is the role as a customer in a shopping place, and the other is the role as a user of information technology. In both cases, the level of satisfaction is of great concern. In this vein, a way of standard the satisfaction level that takes both roles into account is needed. However, in past research indexes for consumer satisfaction and indexes for user information satisfaction have been developed separately in the fields of marketing and management information systems. Bec ause of this lack of interaction between the two streams of research, an index for electronic commerce consumers that has its base in the dual roles has not been developed and tested. In this research, an instrument for measuring electronic commerce consumer satisfaction was proposed and validated using a sample of over 400 customers. The relationship between the index and consumers purchasing intention was also examined.TitleDevelopment of electronic commerce user-consumer satisfaction index (ECUSI) for Internet shoppingAuthor(s)Namjae Cho, Sanghyuk ParkJournalindustrial Management Data SystemsYear2001Volume101Issue8Page400 406ISSN0263-5577DOI10.1108/EUM0000000006170 paperMCB UP LtdAbstractPurpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of consumers shopping orientation on their satisfaction level with the product search and purchase behavior using multi-channels.Design/methodological analysis/approach A total of 181 students in a large US mid-western university provided usable responses to the survey. Exploratory factor analysis and multiple regression analyses were employed to examine the research questions.Findings The results showed that more than three quarters of the respondents shopped via the internet and catalogs, and about 95 percent shopped at non-local retailers. About 60 percent reported that they never shopped from TV shopping channels. Confident/fashion-conscious shopping orientation and catalog/internet shopping orientation were found to be key predictors of customer satisfaction level with information search via multi-channels. Both confident/fashion-conscious consumers and mall shopping-oriented shoppers were more satisfied with store-based retail channels for decorate purchases, whereas non-local store-oriented shoppers and catalog/internet-oriented shoppers were more satisfied with non-store-based retail channels for their apparel purchases.Research limitations/implications The sample of this study was biased by gend er and age. For the apparel retail industry, this paper offers practical knowledge about the relationships between shopping orientation and consumer search and purchase behavior in a multi-channel retailing context.Originality/value No study has utilized the shopping orientation framework to explain consumer behavior in a multi-channel environment. This study provides understanding of consumer product information search behavior on four dimensions (price, promotion, style/trends, and merchandise availability) via multi-channels.TitleThe effects of shopping orientations on consumers satisfaction with product search and purchases in a multi-channel environmentAuthor(s)Hyun-Hwa Lee, Jihyun KimJournalJournal of Fashion Marketing and ManagementYear2008Volume12Issue2Page193 216ISSN1361-2026DOI10.1108/13612020810874881PublisherEmerald Group Publishing LimitedArticle InformationTitleAttitude toward internet web sites, online information search, and channel choices for purchasingAuthor(s)Y oo-Kyoung Seock, Marjorie NortonJournalJournal of Fashion Marketing and ManagementYear2007Volume11Issue4Page571 586ISSN1361-2026DOI10.1108/13612020710824616PublisherEmerald Group Publishing LimitedDocument Access active customersPlease login above.You do not have rights to view the articlePurchase this documentPrice payable GBP 13.00plus handling charge of GBP 1.50 and VAT where applicable.Purchase invite this documentPrint or e-mail a document request to your librarian.RequestReprints permissionsRequestAbstractPurpose This study aims to examine the influence of attitudes toward particular clothing web sites, specifically favorite ones, on information search at those web sites and on the choice to purchase items from those web sites and from non-internet channels after finding the items at the web sites.Design/methodology/approach Using survey data from 414 US college students who had online shopping experience and favorite clothing web sites that they especially like to visit, hypothesized relationships among attitude toward internet web sites, online information search and channel choices for purchasing were tested using path analysis.Findings Results showed that participants attitudes toward their favorite clothing web sites had a direct, positive effect on their intentions to search for information at those web sites as well as intentions to purchase clothing items from those web sites after finding the items there. Additionally, operating through information-search intentions at the web sites, participants attitudes toward those web sites had an indirect, positive effect on their intentions to purchase clothing items from non-internet channels after finding the items at the web sites.Research limitations/implications Results cannot be generalized to the larger population of young consumers and to other consumer groups. Future research should include other population groups.Practical implications This research provides insights into how college stud ents attitudes toward internet web sites affect their information search at the web sites and their channel choices for purchasing. Our results suggest potential benefits of multi-channel retailing for online clothing retailers targeting US college students and the importance of building effective web sites to elicit those consumers positive attitudes toward the web sites.Originality/value This study is the first to investigate young adult online shoppers attitude towards internet web sites and their information search and channel choices for purchasing.KeywordsConsumer behaviour, Information retrieval, Internet shopping, Purchasing, United States of AmericaArticle fictitious characterResearch paperArticle URLhttp//www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/13612020710824616Article InformationTitleDo determinants of online shopping differ for personal shoppers and professional shoppers?Author(s)Amit BhatnagarJournalEuroMed Journal of BusinessYear2007Volume2Issue1Page87 102ISSN1450-2194DOI10. 1108/14502190710749974PublisherEmerald Group Publishing LimitedDocument AccessExisting customersPlease login above.You do not have rights to view the articlePurchase this documentPrice payable GBP 13.00plus handling charge of GBP 1.50 and VAT where applicable.Pu

Whether History Is An Art Or A Science Philosophy Essay

Whether storey Is An Art Or A Science Philosophy Es narrateIn makeing the question of whether history is an art or a score got, the in truth nature of the subject is at stake. Interpretations of what discipline history belongs to change over time, leading to a continuing re-evaluation of the subject, beginning in the 19th century. The contain result is a debate that is controversial, never fading away in the absence of a finite conclusion. The first argument that emerged was historicism, which began this debate. This was quickly followed by the secernate beliefs of positivism and thinkerlism. Having looked at some theories which plead either art or cognition, it is imperative to look at the current status of the debate today. The best answer includes elements from both sides of the argument as an answer that tries to reach a resolution in favour of either side of the argument give almost right off be disproved. What is evident from this is there is no put hotshot across answer to the question, no conclusion will please everybody. Therefore there is a continuing contain to give this question plenty of attention to try to solve it.Defining what is art, and what is science is important, before discussing the number of theories that have emerged. In the Oxford English Dictionary, art is defined as the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as a painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty and emotional power1. Some of what was said is relevant, especially the part that relates to creativity and imagination, a point relevant to desirelism. The third exposition given is however much more relevant art is subjects of study concerned with human creativity and favorable life, such as languages, literature and history (as contrasted with scientific or technical subjects)2The definition come forwardlines what an art is in the context of the academic world, inferring that art cannot be conjugated to science. This is shown in the parentheses at the end of the definition, seeming to justify why the historical debate has continued over time it believes that art is unable to co-exist with science and separate technical subjects. These definitions are recent in comparison to the one given in the 1890s by Croce. He states art is neither a performer of giving and sensuous pleasure, nor a representation of natural fact but the intuitive vision of individuality3. Croce begins his definition by outlining what art isnt, before explicateing what it is in his opinion, the individual, specifically their intuition. What these definitions show is limited agreement on what an art is. It is a broad term, for which there are many meanings, which over time has changed. The dictionary definition is more recent than Croces, and it shows in the differences of opinion they have. Croce argues the individuals importance, whereas the dictionary argues abou t creativity, something which today we have taken as to be the exact meaning.The original meaning of science differs to what we believe it to be today, connatural to how the definitions of art differ from what Croce thought. Formerly, science meant knowledge, or learning or any branch of it4. It is an incredibly broad statement, from which it is possible to brandtle that most things are science, since almost everything involves learning knowledge. The Oxford English dictionary defines science as the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the social organisation and behaviour of the personal and natural world through observation and experiment5. From this, it can be inferred that when history is defined as science, they believe that history covers everything, the physical and natural world. Unlike art, there are no further definitions included on science, so it is much simpler to define. It is perhaps this simplicity that leads to history being viewed as a science. One further point relates to definitions in languages beside English. Carr believes that definitions in other languages hinder the English interpretation of what history is in every other European language, the equivalent word to science includes history without hesitation6. He believes that the definition of science is broader than what English makes it out to be, if other languages include science, then that is something that should be looked at in English. Because of this, some historians especially those from Europe assume that what the definition says is what history is. Equally, this debate has been limited to English speaking countries for some time, so perhaps Carr has a point and that English is what is wrong include history in the definition and it will become accepted.Historicism was the philosophy that ignited the debate over whether history is science or art, at the start of the 19th century. Before this theory emerged, history was viewed as a branc h of literature7, so there was a most link between the two. Historicism is the beginning of a shift away from literature, with the introduction of scientific methods. Popper defines historicism as an approach to the social sciences, which assumes that historical prediction is their principal ram8. The definition clearly shows the acknowledgement that science was becoming increasingly important to the study of history. Scientific method is apparent from the assertion of laws, which help achieve the aims, set out in the first definition, which are attainable by discovering the rhythms or the patterns, the laws or the trends that underlie the evolution of history9. Whilst these definitions come from Popper, a critic of historicism they explain what historicism is, showing how it moves away from previous beliefs of literature, and the shift towards science, which began this debate.One debate from the middle of the 19th century was the idea of positivism, which was quickly opposed by i dealism. Positivism is a philosophy of knowledge, which uses the secrets of the natural world to help understanding of science and knowledge. Collingwood has described it as a philosophy in the service of natural science10. It is clear that positivism supports ideas linked to science in history, given its closeness to the definition of science outlined above. Positivism is highly dependent on the use of facts, which exploit the study of the past. In terms of its method, it is close to a scientific investigation, critical of everything. Tosh comments facts are verified by applying critical methods to primary sources11, highlighting the thoroughness that is similar to scientific technique, if facts are verified in their context. This obsession with facts led Comte, one of its founders to believe historians would in due course uncover the laws of historical development12. The very belief that there are laws in history is confirmation of the positivists belief that history was a scienc e, and if they believe that laws would work in the same way that laws in science worked, then history would be changed forever. In some ways, there is similarity between this idea and historicism, which believes in the existence of laws in history. Positivism continues the discussion.However, this idea is in contrast to Idealism, which rejected the entire principle on which their argument was based. Idealists argue history must be carefully distinguished from natural events because the identity between enquirer and his/her subject emergence opens the way to a fuller understanding13. It dismisses the idea of positivism on the buttocks of its link to natural sciences. The detect beliefs of idealism include empathy and intuition, emotions that the historian themselves can bring to study. Tosh comments, the reality of past events must instead be apprehended by an imaginative assignment with the people of the past14. Methods in idealism are more about the individual historian, how t hey feel, how they make judgements based on the available evidence and furthermore, how they engage with the past. The basis of idealism is the opposite of positivism, it does not look at scientific method, and rather it believes more in imagination and things that shape interpretations. In that respect, it meets the definition that Croce set out at the end of the 19th century, being concerned with the individual and their response.In the present day, this debate continues to have relevance to historians and philosophers alike. The main cause of this is the imperative exact to know. History is based around facts, therefore there needs to be a matter of fact judgement that says what discipline history belongs to. Until this happens, the issue will be highly relevant to all in the historical profession. A new theory has emerged in recent decades Postmodernism. It values the priorization of language over experience15suggesting art and its associated ideas are today, much more importan t than any scientific ideas from the past. Southgate argues the incompatibility of postmodernist thinking with history. She describes it as a notoriously elusive concept, one which she feels is seen as an alien and hostile force, which she believes historians fear16. A working historian, Keith Thomas, reveals his methods are in line with has been construed to be art. He believes that his work is a literary construction, influence by his moral values and intellectual assumptions17. He raises the contrast of lumpers and splitters, believing himself to be a lumper, as his work contains a broad-brush impression of beliefs and behaviours over a long period of time18. It is apparent he prefers to cover a wide time period rather analysing a fragment of that, probably because of the descend of research he does and collects, which makes it difficult to be selective with the facts.In conclusion, so much attention has been given to this question of what discipline history belongs to, because it matters hugely to historians. This is diaphanous from the scale of the debate that has occurred from the mid 19th century, as theories are challenged and counter-challenged. What is evident from all of this is the absence of a single solution to the problem, nobody is able to say History is science or History is art with confidence. In the absence of this, historians are left to discuss the idea, and are still unable to agree. This is because the subject matter is highly delicate to the historical profession, concluding that history is science or art will upset a large number of people who argue against that conclusion. Therefore perhaps the best outcome would be to say that history is neither singularly art nor science, rather is a fusion of the two disciplines. History needs to be interpreted therefore opinion on subjects matters, however there is also a need for close analysis of source material, to critically look at sources. Good methods of studying need to be encouraged, and if they are in style of a scientific investigation that is no bad thing, eyesight as scientists are thorough in their working methods. Similarly, empathy and intuition should also be spoken of as good qualities to have in a historian, the readiness to empathise with the past and use ones own initiative are vitally important. Arguments collapse because historians do not look at them critically enough, and therefore have no evidence to back up their opinions. This debate is a dynamic subject, as been shown theories can develop almost overnight surely the next idea is just around the corner. In this argument, facts are few and far between, and that is the reason for debate, the need for intuition. With no finite concluding statement, the question of whether history is art or science will continue for some time yet.

The Advantages Of Primary Health Care

The Advantages Of Primary wellness C bePrimary health assist is a vital function of an society acting as backb bingle. India was one of the first countries to recognize the advantages of Primary wellness caveat (PHC). PHC was conceptualized in 1946 when Sir Joseph Bhore committee make recommendations that formed the foundation stone for health service in India.Recommendations-Integration of preventive and curative services at all administrative levels.Short full term Primary Health Centers for every 40,000 population.Long Term- Primary Health Centers per 10,000-20,000 population to befool 75 beds.Formation of Village health committeeProvision of amicable DoctorThree months training in preventive and social medicine to prep atomic number 18 social physicians.First Five Year plan (1951-1955)Community information Program launched, 1952 keeping in eye 80% population lived in rural areas. Each Community Development Block (CDB) formationapproximately snow villages with a total po pulation of one hundred thousand.For one CDB, one Primary Health Centre was created. endorse Five Year plan (1956-61)Health come and Planning Committee, The Mudaliar Committee, had to review the progress made in the health sector after submission of Bhore committee propound. The major recommendation-To limit the population served by primary health centres to 40,000Improvement in the quality of health portion out renderd by these centers.Provision of one basic health worker per 10,000 populations was recommended.The Jungalwalla Committee 1967Highlighted immenseness of integration of health services. Integrated health services were defined as a service with a unified approach for all problems instead of a segmented approach for all different problems.The committee recommended integration from the highest to lowest level in the services, organization and personnel.The Kartar Singh Committee on Multipurpose workers 1973Laid spate the norms ab protrude health workers ensuring prope r coverageone primary health centre to be established for every 50,000 populationEach primary health centre to be divided into 16 sub-centres each for a population of 3,000 to 3,500.Each sub-centre to be staffed by a team of one male and one female health worker.The work of 3-4 health workers to be supervised by one health assistant.Major Goals to be acheived by National health constitution 2002Eradicate Polio and YawsEliminate LeprosyEliminate Kala AzarEliminate Lymphatic FilariasisAchieve zero level growth of HIV/AIDSReduce mortality rate by 50% on scotch of TB, Malaria, other vector and water borne diseasesReduce prevalence of blindness to 0.5%Reduce IMR 30/1000 and MMR 100/lakhIncrease utilization of popular health facilities from 75%Establish an integrated placement of surveillance, national health accounts and health statisticsIncrease health usance by Govt. as a % of GDP from existing 0.9% to 2%Increase present at of central grants to constitute at least 25% of total health consumptionLegal Framework insurance insurance act, 1938 came into effect from 1st july 1939 (Amended in 1950, 1999). Contains provision regarding licensing of agents and their remunerations, prohibition of rebates and protection of policy holders interest.IRDA comprise 1999, IRDA responsible for the administration of the damages act. motive to register amends companies.Monitor and certify terms of business.Inspect documents of insurersAdjudicating disputes between insurers and intermediaries.Decide on dipute related to settlement of claim.Life Insurance Corporation Act, 1956 for LIC provided which was later on ceased on amendment of Insurance act 1999.Consumer protection Act 1986 (COPA) ensures that consumers of policies can approach any of the listed organization in the act for redress in case he is not satisfied with the goods or services provided.Income Tax Act The premium paid is deducted under Section 80 D of the ITA.MRTP Act 1969 (Monopoly and restrictive trade Practices act)Controls concentration of economic power in one handRestricts monopoly in the marketEmployees State insurance act, 1948Treatment rcvd benefitsBenefits not standardEligibilityCentral giving medication health Scheme (CGHS) addresses consumer complaints.Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 addresses all complaints and demand for compensation.Indian Contract Act 1872 forBreach of contractDeficiency in servicesDamagesDispute of factsNegligenceDrugs control act (1950) and Indian Medical council act (1956)Literature ReviewHealth Policy Challenges of India private health Insurance lessons from the International Experience by Ajay MahalThe investigate concentrates on Regular training of Health Services in India and persisting challenges which are growing at the same pace. The are of field of force concentrates on United states, united Kingdom, Canada, Brazil, Germany, Israel. The research focuses on the health care system in Canada and appreciates the control systems u sed for services. The research findings are highlighted asPatient satisfaction and Quality of careHow to reconcile the film for choice among providers with constitute containment.Reconciliation of consumer choice with equity.The study concentrates on the cost factor in the consumers mind and how the governments of these countries are trying to achieve the balance. Too much specialties and much supply of doctors may increase the cost of care. While conducting the study it was not taken into account that Health services stool a long term impact. The study considers the short term impact which is seen by the consumer and drives him to the product.Health Insurance in India Prognosis and prospectus by Randall P Ellis, Moneer Alam, Indrani Gupta.Corroborating evidence that the system is disproportionately private is the estimate that 80 per cent of all registered allopathic physicians are private Uplekar and George 1994, p 10. An even higher estimate for the private sector appears i n a report of the Planning Commissions Working Group on Health Management and Financing which estimated that household expenditures on treatment may be as much as 8.4 per cent of GDP versus public offgo of only 1.1 per cent of GDP (Planning commission report 1996)In recent years nominal user fees have been charged at government facilities in Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Punjab and Karnataka. These fees remain low in comparison to both private fees and the unofficial payments which are still made at most public facilities in these states and in other parts of the country. Nonetheless, these efforts at cost recovery remain in important initiative for improving incentives, decentralizing some expense ascendance and augmenting resources at public health facilities.The life insurance companies in India have relied on actuarial methods and life tables for fixing premia. The employment of rigorous procedures for the fixation of premia was not achievable owing to paucity of the epidemi ological data cross-classified by region and major socioeconomicclass. The GIC and its subsidiaries do not have the option of estimating probabilities associated with the vulnerability of individuals to various diseases. Hence, they have relied mainly on simplified procedures base of operationsd on the information available to them from the policy documents and the claims register. Recently, however, the GIC introduced a differential system for setting premia for its Mediclaim policies which adjusts for health expenditure differences as between five age groups. Information has also been collected for differences in claims rates by age, sex, rural/urban, habitat, occupation, and income groups. The age dimension, however, remains the only monetary standard macrocosm used by the GIC for adjusting premia.Inter Regional Inequality Facility Health Insurance for the poor, India by Rajeev Ahuja, Senior Fellow Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER)The s eries of Policy Briefs summarizes the experiences of Government initiatives aimed at addressing inequality in Africa, Asia and Latin America.The study concentrates on some of the initiatives and suggests some key retarding for success of health insurance for individuals and families on low- incomes.Provision of healthcare services of a springable qualityPossibility of resource militarization from the targeted population in order to recover costs.Presence of intermediary agency to overcome the informational disadvantages and high transaction costs involved in providing insurance to low-income groups.A Healthier future for India by Rajat Gupta (The McKinsey Quarterly, Jan 2008)The report speaks about acting on three frontsA series of policy reforms needed to provide subsidized health insurance for the country citizens.Innovation in products. Today most of them offer only limited services.Regulatory environment which recognizes health insurance as tell apart business and not part of the insurance industry. It is essential for the growth of the sector.Health Insurance in India by K. Sujatha Rao Secretary, National Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, GOI.The present system of financing and payment systems raise several important concerns on the suitability of the structure to meet current day problems and future challenges. The large size of out of pocket expenditures provides an opportunity to pool these resources and facilitate spreading risk from households to government and employers on a shared basis which will be a more equitable financial arrangement. The dimension of equity is of particular concern as the inelasticitys of demand for acute care, are resulting in over 33 lakh persons being pushed below poverty line, every year. In short the social benefits of instituting social insurance as a financial instrument to replace user fees, outweighs the possible risks of moral hazard and increased costs, typical outcomes of prepaid insurance. How to mini mize these two market failures are of concern and need to be addressed by exploitation a well thought out strategy taking international evidence into account so we build on existing knowledge and learn from others experiences. It is argued that it is not advisable for governments to intervene in health insurance markets in a piecemeal manner-insurance for pensioners by the Department of Personnel for weavers by the Department of Textiles, for fishermen by the Department of Agriculture, for farmers by the Department of Cooperatives, poor women by the Department of Rural Development etc., as such attempts fragment risk pools. In other words, resorting to insurance as a financing instrument must be an act of a deliberate strategy that addresses the market failures in order to ensure that inequities do not widen and the poor are not marginalized two typical outcomes of private, fragmented insurance systems In conclusion it is reiterated that given the fiscal constraints for government to provide universal access to free health care, insurance can be an important means of mobilizing resources, providing risk protection and achieving improved health outcomes. The critical need is to experiment with the wide range of financing instruments available in different scenarios and have adequate flexibility in the design features, the structures and processes, institutional mechanisms and regulatory frameworks, so that a viable balance can be achieved for minimizing market distortions so that the outcomes do not make the cure worse than the disease (Enthoven 1983, 1993). Unregulated markets are inefficient and inequitable, requiring governments to intervene to ensure no segmentation in the system (Bloom, 2001). For this, the burden of building partnerships and managing change is on the government, which in turn needs to base its strategy on sound research.Community Health Insurance in India- An overview by N Devadasan, Kent Ranson, Wim Van Damme, Bart CrielThe objectives r ange from providing low cost health care to protecting the households from high hospitalisation costs. BAIF, DHAN, Navsarjan Trust and RAHA explicitly state that the health in surance scheme was developed to prevent the individual member from perambulator the financial burden of hospitalisation. Healthinsurance was also seen by some organisations as a method of encouraging participation by the community in their own healthcare. And finally, in particular the more activist organizations (ACCORD, RAHA) used community health insurance as a measure to increase solidarity among its members one for all and all for one.Health Care in India Emerging market report, 2007 (PWC)A growing healthcare sectorHealthcare is one of Indias largest sectors, in terms of revenue and employment, and the sector is expanding rapidly. During the 1990s, Indian healthcare grew at a compound annual rate of 16%. Today the total value of the sector is more than $34 one million million million. This translates to $34 per capita or close to 6% of GDP. By 2012, Indias healthcare sector is project to grow to nearly $40 billion. The private sector accounts for more than 80% of total healthcare spending in India. Unless in that respect is a decline in the combined federal and state government deficit, which currently stands at roughly 9%, the opportunity for significantly higher public health spending will be limited.One driver of growth in the healthcare sector is Indias booming population, currently 1.1 billion and increasing at a 2% annual rate. By 2030, India is expected to surpass China as the worlds most populous nation. By 2050, the population is projected to reach 1.6 billion.Government Health Expenditure of India A benchmark study by Economic Research foundation, 2006Health expenditure in India is dominated by Private spending. The study covers Pattern of health expenditure in India.House holds- 68.8 %External funding 14.4%Central Government 7.2%Firms 5.1%Others 4.7%Source Nationa l Health account for India, 2001-2002Absolute levels of total government spending on health, family welfare and child development are absurdly low by international standards, not only in per capita terms but also as share of GDP. Government spending on health amounts to less than 1 per cent of GDP. This has meant that a disproportionately large and growing share of the burden of health care has been borne by households in India, such that they account for an increasing share of total expenditure (nearly three-quarters in the most recent year for which data are available). Unlike many other countries, this is completely in the form ofOut-of-pocket expenses, which are inherently regressive. Also, the share of household consumption expenditure devoted to health care has also been increasing over time, especially in rural areas where it now accounts for nearly 7 per cent of the household budget on average.Origin and Evolution of Primary Health care in IndiaThe study is about history of Health insurance in India Post-Independence. The motif starts with the Bhore committee report and follows on with major findings and suggestions of all the reports. The report also places some light on National Rural Health mission and its strategies.FICCI Health Insurance Report 2010The report covers areas-Promoting Quality Healthcare through Health InsuranceSuggested standard format for provider billsSuggested discharge epitome contentsTPA/Insurer contract and concept on standardization of TPA hospital contractThe report covers US healthcare industry and lay guideline for development of Indian healthcare industry on same patterns.Rise of health insurance in India Whats driving your revolution, Health conference, International Finance Corporation, April 20th 2007.The report covers the areas of healthcare financing in the country. It differentiates the growth factors and gives a 35% growth figure for last 5 years from the report date. It gives the 75-25 ratio of private and publi c health services.Research ObjectiveTo find out various factors influencing buying behavior towards health insurance product.To measure the relative weight age.To find out mutual correlation between factors and purchase end by the consumers.Major HypothesisH0 = Word of mouth is not the most effective advertisement for sales event of health insurance products.H = Word of mouth is the most effective advertisement for sale of health insurance products.Research MethodologyDescriptive method is used as research design. The research included Survey method as data collection tool.Sample Design- 1. Target population Delhi running(a) population in IT sector.Lower middle classRural people who are employed as daily wages labour2. Sample surface 703. Sample Selection Simple random samplingThe target population has been intentionally selected with a view to get data from a go population. It will help in identifying the behavior of people from different economic class.Data CollectionSecondar y data sourceGovernment bodies (National Health care report, Rural Health Policies, Budgetary provisions, UID program, etc)Private research bodies (McKenzie report on health insurance in India, PWC report, FICCI health insurance group report)Research paper published and presented in international seminars, journals and conferences.Primary data collection was done through filling up of questionnaire.Analysis tools used SPSS and ExcelDATA epitomeNo of respondents 70 and their distribution on the basis of yearly earnings.From the readings we have following findingsNo. of Respondents in profits range less than 1lakh is of those people who are labours, daily wages workers, hawkers etc.No. of Respondents in salary range less than 2lakhs is of those people who are freshers, some old people who are on the job(p) as Guards.No. of Respondents in salary range less than 3lakhs is of those people who are in IT enabled services and small time freelancers.No. of Respondents in salary range less than 4lakhs is of those people who are in IT field, BPO.No. of Respondents in salary range less than 5lakhs is of those people who are in IT field and Government employees.No. of Respondents in salary range less than 9lakhs but more than 5lakhs is of those people who are in IT field, Government service, Self employed.Do you have an Insurance Policy?The question was asked for General insurance policy and not specific to Health insurance only.The finding suggested that out of 70 respondents55(79%) have insurance policy,15 (21%) do not have insurance policy.Market Share of the organizations providing coverage on the basis of Respondents.The result is based on insurance policy own by the respondents.Out of 70 respondentsLIC has a share of 45%.ICICI Prudential Lombard has a share of 13%Kotak life has share of 6% followed by pocket New York Life HDFC at 4% each.TATA AIG has a share of 3% Birla Sun Life has 2 %.Bajaj Allianz has 1%.21% of the respondents do not have an insurance polic y.Reason for buying Insurance Policy.The result is based on insurance policy and not health insurance policy in specific. The respondents were asked for the reason for buying policy when the bought it first time.Out of 70 respondentsTax saving 43%Security 23%Investment 10%Other 3%Do not have an insurance policy as they do not feel the need for an insurance policy 21 %.Which type of Policy do you have?The question was asked with the purpose to find the share of health insurance policy out of total insurance policy.The data is based on subject area of 70 respondents.Traditional policy owners have 49%.ULIP policy owners 19%Health Insurance Pension plan at 4%Others 3%21% of the respondents did not have an insurance policy.How did you come to know about the policy?The Question was asked in order to find out if word of mouth (Office/Family/Referrals) has a major share in insurance policy sales.The data is based on discern of 70 respondents.21% of the respondents were influenced by Adve rtisement (Newspaper, Magazines, Internet, and Hoardings).40% of the respondents were influenced by the Insurance Advisor.Family, friends, referrals have 12%.6 % of the respondents were influenced by Kiosk, Directly from insurance office, direct calling, and Website sales.4% of the respondents have other reasons.21% of the respondents do not have insurance so they did not participate in the question.Factors influencing the purchase decision of the policy.The question was asked for the first insurance policy owned.The data is based on survey of 70 respondents.33% of the respondents opted insurance for Savings(Tax Benefit)17% of the respondents were influenced by advisors.13% of the respondents have faith in in that respect family, friend, relatives, colleagues.6% of the respondents were influenced by advertisements.9% of the respondents have taken policy as an investment option for long time.21% of the respondents do not have an insurance policy.Do you have health benefit policy?The question was asked because if people do not have health insurance policy then what other options they have if any. The findings had a clear difference from the foregoing question findings which suggested only three respondents had health insurance policy.Out of 70 respondents63% of the respondents said they have other form of health coverage.37 % of the respondents did not have health insurance coverage.Name of the Source providing checkup facilities.The Question was asked to find, what these other sources are.Out of 70 respondents surveyed37% of the respondents have medical coverage from there office.7% of the respondents are availing medical care and facilities through NGOs working in the area.4% of the respondents use the charitable hospital or medicine shops(trust owned) to get the medical facilities.19% of the respondents have others which is Government health insurance schemes at state level and Central level.33% of the respondents did not had health insurance.If you buy a Second policy what are the factors which will influence your purchase decision.The question was asked to only 55 respondents and the data represents the same.31 % of the respondents said they will look for new policy.25% of the respondents said they will look for better services from there insurance provider.9% of the respondents said that they would like to fill the gap left by there current policy.15% of the respondents will depend on the inputs from there friends, relatives, colleagues, etc.Others have 20% of the share with different views.Technical factors responsible for effecting purchase decisionThe Question was asked to find out factors related to policy which influence buyers decision.Out of 70 respondents48% of the respondents will look for Benefits from the Policy cover.30% of the respondents will look for returns as they think it as safe investment.20% of the respondents will look for the premium as per their pocket size.2% of the respondents have other reasons.

Holden Caufield in Catcher In The Rye by J.D Salinger :: essays research papers

The setting of this story takes place in Agerstown, Pennsylvania. The home of Pency bording school. Pency is one of those college prep schools that advertises provided the best aspects and never mentions how much the students will abhor going there. On the brochure there is an unrealistic, imaginary student that does not exist playing polo. In real life Pency, there are a couple hundred spoiled little rich students whose parents do not want the burden of raising them.The point of view in this story is explicit in first person. Throughout the story Holden tells of other characters and of course his opinion of them. Always criticizing them and their decisions and labeling most of them phonies.In the beginning of the story Holden is watching the Friday night football game from atop a hill. He had just gotten back from a fencing match that had to be cut short in New York because the chieftain of the fencing team, which happened to be Holden left all of the equipment on the subway. N eedless to say it was a long trip home for Holden.After all of this has happened Holden gets back only to require that he has been released from Pency and placed on academic probation. Holden was not stupid by any means but if he did not desire to learn what was being taught he refused to try. The professors on the other hand did not agree with Holdens reasoning. Therefore, he was failing all but one of his classes.Holden had a booster shot that was a teacher at Pency. He was perhaps the only person that halfway understood him. The only problem was that Mr. Spencer was old and senile and did not feed much pull with in the school board, which meant he did not serve as much help in Holdens current situation. Mr. Spencer was always move to prepare Holden for life, and was always telling him that life is a game and you have to make the right moves. Holden rarely listened but felt obligated to say good-bye to him because he had tried to understand him, which is more than most people had ever done for him. Holden went to visit Mr. Spencer before he left. As usual he did not get much out of his usual life is a game lecture but he would have felt guilty if he had not gone by to say fair well.

Gender Theory Essay -- Gender Issues

Gender TheoryGender Theories can be related to a persons emotional stability, location in society, work ethics and most important their ability to relate to others.As the sources of text, personal experience, research books, articles and websites argon used to explain the importance of potent and female communication, in itself it is only a speculation based on the historical and internal learning that influence me as a student (Wood, 2011). In the end, the theory that best describes my gender characteristic will influence the outcome of opinion. That is what makes Gender Theory so interesting, it is a theories based on personal bias. In order to explain the differences and similarities in gender several theories have been established and researched with each having its own validation.Biological TheoryResearch has established that the biological theory regarding genders relies heavily on the chromosome makeup of individuals. Body chemistry makeup plays a large role in this ch romosomes argon a significant factor in the physical, emotional, and social aspect of gender. Men having the chromosome XY are the determining factor in the sex of children they produce yet women having the XX according to the text are the ascendent in social, heredity, and passing of some intellectual skills.Because the differences in not only social skill and physical skills there is evidence that relates the increase in hormonal influence to how men and women interact emotionally. Interpersonal TheoryThis theory focuses on the interpersonal relationships formed by individuals based on their sex makeup. There are three sub theories listed within this theory psychodynamic, social learning and cognitive development with each having its own argument... ...female goes to work and is the financial provider. As this occurs, it is possible revolutionary theories will be developed but communication will always be a factor between gender groups, this is because in general we are all different and come together with varied backgrounds, beliefs and predisposed opinions. There is not necessarily a right or wrong, in reality migration of commonwealth with the same interest, cultures, and beliefs will continue to form pocket communities where they can communicate with like in kind.References(2012). Anthropological theories. Alabama DOI http//anthropology.ua.edu/cultures/cultures.php?culture=Feminist Anthropology pedestal theory. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//users.ipfw.edu/lakes/Standpoint Theory.htmlWood, J. (2011). Gendered lives Communication gender and culture. (10th ed.). Boston Wadsworth Cengage Learning